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The Tonkin campaign was an armed conflict fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the Vietnamese, Liu Yongfu 's Black Flag Army and the Chinese Guangxi and Yunnan armies to occupy Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and entrench a French protectorate there.
The Sơn Tây campaign (11 December 1883 to 17 December 1883) was a campaign fought by the French to capture the strategically important city of Sơn Tây in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) from Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and allied contingents of Vietnamese and Chinese troops.
The Pacification of Tonkin (1886–1896) was a slow and ultimately successful military and political campaign undertaken by the French colonial empire in the northern portion of Tonkin (modern-day north Vietnam) to reestablish order in the wake of the Tonkin campaign (1883 1886), to entrench a French protectorate in Tonkin, and to suppress a ...
The Sơn Tây campaign was a campaign fought by the French to capture the strategically important city of Sơn Tây in Tonkin from Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and allied contingents of Vietnamese and Chinese troops.
Once revered as one of the four essential towns in Tonkin, Son Tay stood as a protective shield for the North Citadel. It also acted as a strategic springboard for the court to safeguard the upper border regions, overlooking the Da River, Red River, and Lo River.
Annam and Tonkin were occupied following harsh campaigns, while Cochinchine was made a French colony between 1863 and 1867. The French became familiar with exotic places such as the Mekong Delta and Lang Son that led to the fall of Jules Ferry's ministry in 1885, the year when China finally recognised France's presence in Indochina.
Based on various historical sources, it seems that the Japanese arrived in French Indochina for the first time during the 1880s. It was recorded that the first Japanese visited Hải Phòng in the year of 1885. It is difficult to count the exact number of these early arrivals in Vietnam. There were not so many coming to Indochina before 1940.
